Science During Crisis The Application of Interdisciplinary and Strategic Science During Major Environmental Crises. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. On April 2. 0, 2. Deepwater Horizon drilling platform catastrophically exploded and later collapsed into the sea, killing. Visualizing Environmental Science Pdf Ebook Center' title='Visualizing Environmental Science Pdf Ebook Center' />Science During Crisis The Application of Interdisciplinary and Strategic Science During Major Environmental Crises. BibMe Free Bibliography Citation Maker MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. Un ebook scritto anche ebook o eBook, in italiano libro elettronico, un libro in formato digitale a cui si pu avere accesso mediante computer e dispositivi. Browse, buy and learn at wiley. John Wiley Sons, Inc., publisher of awardwinning journals, encyclopedias, books, and online products and. ITL Mission. As one of the major research components of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Information Technology Laboratory ITL has the broad. Visualizing Environmental Science Pdf Ebook Center' title='Visualizing Environmental Science Pdf Ebook Center' />M ETHODS IN M OLECULAR BIOLOGY Series Editor John M. W School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB. Pay Your Bill Save a stamp and easily pay your bills online. Gmail is email thats intuitive, efficient, and useful. GB of storage, less spam, and mobile access. Gulf of Mexico, making it one of the worst man made environmental disasters in US history Mabus 2. Mc. Nutt et al. 2. Compared to other oil spills, Deepwater Horizon was unprecedented in its complexity and impact. At its peak, oil and tar balls contaminated the coastlines of all five Gulf states and led to the closure of 2. Mabus 2. 01. 0. Response efforts included more than 4. Mabus 2. 01. 0. In contrast to surface spills such as Exxon Valdez in Alaska 1. Santa Barbara oil spill 1. Deepwater Horizon spill occurred at depth crude oil flowed from a broken drill pipe approximately 1,5. The extreme depth of the spill introduced new challenges in both engineering and environmental conditions that had to be overcome. Response crews needed ships with remotely operated vehicles equipped with sophisticated sensors, cameras, and robotic arms to navigate the wreckage and access the well. Engineers had to rapidly devise new capping devices to kill the well, which were thwarted by the formation of gas hydrates crystals of methane ice that only form at depth clogging the devices during several deployment attempts. Oil spilled into the Gulf continuously for nearly three consecutive months, polluting a three dimensional area that extended vertically from the seafloor to the surface, and laterally across the Gulf, impacting the people, the environment, and the economy of the region. Science played a vital role in stopping and responding to the spill. Because of the extreme complexity of the disaster, researchers and engineers from across academia, the federal government, and the private sector were called on to contribute their expertise in fields such as oceanography, geology, underwater engineering, physics, public health, and ecology Lubchenco et al. Teams of scientists and the leaders of major federal science agencies including the Department of Energy, the US Geological Survey, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA were stationed at or near Incident Command centers established throughout the Gulf. Tactical science response efforts included geochemical fingerprinting of the oil, calculating the rate of flow from the broken pipe, and modeling the surface migration of oil using information on currents in the Gulf. The National Science Foundation awarded over 1. Rapid Response grants to research the spill. Social science research was ongoing during the spill AprilSeptember 2. While the Natural Resources Damage Assessment NRDA mandated the documentation of human health, social impacts, economic impacts, and cultural resource damage, this work often lagged behind other NRDA needs. Later, in a post incident review of science conducted during the crisis, Lubchenco et al. During the crisis, the unplanned and sporadic nature of on the ground social science led to specific topics receiving significant attention. An example is the research on the psychological impacts of the spill. Grattan et al. 2. Morris et al. 2. They found no significant differences residents in both communities displayed clinically significant depression and anxiety. Abramson et al. 2. Lee and Blanchard 2. Louisiana parishes during the spill. During the spill, there were numerous calls for interdisciplinary approaches for dealing with the spill, its environmental and socioeconomic impacts, and the need to bolster resilience of affected communities see for example Levy and Gopalakrishnan 2. One significant response was scenario building conducted by the Department of the Interiors DOI experimental Strategic Sciences Working Group SSWG, which analyzed the cascading consequences of the spill to inform decision makers on near term and long term impacts Machlis and Mc. Nutt 2. 01. 0, 2. The SSWG was established quickly and included both federal and non federal ecologists, social scientists, oceanographers, and other disciplinary experts. The SSWG worked extensively to create chain of consequences scenarios that included both biophysical and socioeconomic impacts Department of the Interior 2. Using the human ecosystem model Machlis et al. SSWG created several scenarios and briefed DOI leadership on findings several times during the crisis. Figure 3. 2 illustrates a small segment of one of the scenarios, focusing on commercial fishing and oyster bed closures. The numbers in the figure reflect the uncertainties associated with each consequence, with 5 being certain and lower numbers reflecting less certainty. Fig. 3. 2. A segment of one of the scenarios developed by the SSWG for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. This segment shows the cascading effects of commercial fish and oyster bed closures Department of the Interior 2. In September 2. 01. British Petroleum BP, which had contracted the Deepwater Horizon platform, later committed 5. An additional 3. BP and the federal government was given to the National Academy of Sciences to establish a new program focused on human health and ecosystem science of the Gulf of Mexico to be spent over a 3. Shen 2. 01. 2. Even with the tremendous efforts of the scientific community to deliver critical information to the response, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill highlighted the need to improve coordination between agencies and the scientific community for ensuring efficient, innovative, and thoughtful response to environmental crises. This necessarily includes coordinated social science. As one report stated, there is no national lead entity coordinating the mobilization of science assets across federal agencies and within the broader science communityConsortium for Ocean Leadership 2. While the National Response Framework defines the responsibilities of each federal agency for responding to a disaster, lessons learned from Deepwater Horizon suggest that new andor improved organizational structures are necessary to facilitate the mobilization of the scientific community to aid response, and this continues to be a fertile area for innovations in science policy e. Nature 2. 01. 0. Hurricane Sandy. In October 2. Hurricane Sandy advanced toward the eastern seaboard of the United States. At the time of landfall near Atlantic City, New Jersey NJ on October 2. Hurricane Sandy measured over 1,7. NOAA 2. 01. 2 Blake et al. Combining with a noreaster, Hurricane Sandy affected 1. Maryland and West Virginia, and over 8. Department of Energy 2. Blake et al. 2. 01. US Geological Survey 2. Multiple dimensions of Sandy have required and continue to require tactical interdisciplinary science to support response efforts. Atmospheric scientists and meteorologists played a critical role in monitoring and assessing the formation and evolution of Sandy as it moved through the Caribbean, making landfall in Cuba before slowly progressing northward to pick up speed again before making its second landfall in New Jersey Blake et al. Hydrologists deployed over 1. US Geological Survey 2. In the aftermath of the storm, engineers were called upon to assess structural damage caused by flooding and wind. Public health experts, toxicologists, and chemists continue to assess health threats posed by mold in flooded houses, asbestos released from destroyed buildings, and other contaminants mobilized during fires that broke out during the storm. Fisher Price Abc Sing Along Downloads. Beginning days before Sandys landfall and during the storm, social science efforts focused on providing necessary psychological and mental health services to the affected region. FEMA and American Red Cross deployed mental health professionals to the area days before the storm in preparation for supporting the citizens of the affected area.