A typology of Urban Design theories and its application to the shared body of knowledge. Knowledge is a general term. Individuals, whether professional or not, have their own knowledge. But study for a profession requires awareness of a specific and commonly recognized body of knowledge. The second part of this article draws on urban design courses at universities in the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, and on the contents of urban design readers to present a shared body of knowledge. In a provocative paper Marshall 2012 suggests that a range of seminal urban design theories stemming from the 1960s Jacobs, Alexander, Lynch and Cullen can. Camillo Sitte The Art Of Building Cities Pdf Reader' title='Camillo Sitte The Art Of Building Cities Pdf Reader' />Urban design is the process of designing and shaping cities, towns and villages. In contrast to architecture, which focuses on the design of individual buildings. Un libro un insieme di fogli, stampati oppure manoscritti, delle stesse dimensioni, rilegati insieme in un certo ordine e racchiusi da una copertina. Theories of composition of mass and space such as City Planning According to Artistic Principles Sitte, 2013, Collage City Rowe and Koetter, 1978, Space Syntax. Universities. Universities have two complementary but distinctive roles in relation to the shared body of knowledge teaching and research Ringer, 1. Both roles are discrete despite encouraging interaction Robertson and Bond, 2. Teaching involves educating transferring knowledge and training. In addition to transferring knowledge, good education should foster critical thinking, possibly leading to innovation in both practice and theory. Training is more concerned with developing established skills and methods, which may have no implications in terms of the development of theory. These categorizations are subjective, nevertheless they can be helpful in highlighting the different aspects of teaching and their relation to the development of theory. Research is of two kinds exploring areas that have not previously been investigated, and documenting existing processes using current theories and discourses. The shared body of knowledge presented here is concerned with teaching in the sense of transferring knowledge educating, and research in the sense of documenting existing processes. Teaching and research are generally defined in relation to theories of the discipline. Research contributes to the shared body of knowledge by expanding the available theories or generating new theories, whereas teaching involves disseminating the shared knowledge. Predominantly, it could be concluded that research aims to develop theory and teaching aims to develop practice. Thus, looking at the shared body of knowledge can be a departure point for studying the interaction between the theory and practice of urban design. Despite universities with urban design courses having similar functions, they have developed different approaches. The political economy of countries, as well as the individual views of academics, have contributed to this. Consequently, urban design in different contexts and countries developed different focuses. Postmodern Urbanism has examples of how the European and American axes of urban design developed in response to their contexts Ellin, 1. What universities teach and research differs according to the individual context. The co evolution of universities and the shared body of knowledge is traceable by studying when and why certain texts became important. Many influential books about urban design were either intended for or actually produced by universities themselves. Madanipours book 1. Newcastle. The ideas of students have contributed greatly to several books, such as those by Alexander 1. Bentley 1. 98. 7 and Rowe and Koetter 1. Given the function of universities in relation to knowledge, it is useful to start the study of the shared body of knowledge by examining that being disseminated by universities. Similarities and differences between what is taught at the various universities must be noted to map the knowledge of urban design. It should also be recognized that influential works can appear outside of the university, but this falls outside of the scope of this article. In order to map the knowledge of urban design, this article investigates the approach to urban design theory at different universities and examines what common ground there is between universities reading lists. The result reveals the mainstream urban design texts. This study needs to be understood in its historical and geographical context. The conclusions of this part of this research show differences in the preferences of reading lists, depending on whether the course is one offered in Australia, the United States or the United Kingdom. The shared body of knowledge at universities. The reading lists used for this research came from courses at both BA and MA level. The list of universities was derived from two sources the article on pedagogical traditions of urban design Banerjee and Loukaitou Sideris, 2. RUDI 2. 01. 4. The majority of universities have modules on urban design theory, while some have modules on theory and history or theory and methods. Microsoft Office Interop Word In C Net. Where the university did not have a module explicitly on urban design theory, the reading list for its most relevant module was requested. This was to expand on the methodology of a previous study Klosterman, 2. Thirty three universities with urban design courses were asked for their reading lists, and 2. The reading lists of some universities were already available online, but others needed to be asked via email. All the lists acquired are for the academic year 2. A first analysis showed that different universities have different approaches towards providing a reading list. Some universities for example, Ball State University in the United States do not provide a set reading list of book for students Ball State said that it focuses on practice, with theory being taught as an integral part of studio and methods courses. At this university, the course tutors hold that since the majority of their students go into practice, they do not need theoretical debates over and above urban design projects at studios. A challenge that arises in the analysis of the lists is that of comparing them. The number of books in different reading lists varies dramatically from as few as five to more than 1. However, it is the books common to the reading lists which are being identified here. Therefore, even if there are disparities in the number of titles recommended on any particular list, they do not prevent identification of those shared texts which can be considered as the shared body of knowledge. A count of all titles suggested by the reading lists revealed 8. Of these, 6. 50 appeared only once. Since the majority of texts were not repeated across the reading lists, it suggests that an immense variety of texts are not part of the shared body of knowledge. Table 1 shows the books that appear most frequently in reading lists. It is not possible to judge whether this shows strong agreement between professionals on the shared body of knowledge or not. In fact, the most frequently suggested text The Image of the Cities was absent from 3. This does not necessarily mean that there is not a common understanding of urban design. If the same study were to be carried out in the future, a comparison would reveal whether or not the basic vocabulary between academics is getting stronger books present on reading lists in the future that are already popular now must be seen as the absolute core of urban design. A comparison with a similar study on planning theory at various universities Klosterman, 2. Table 1. Shows the texts that are repeated in university reading lists. The last column shows what type the text is. Table 1 shows that there is some consensus among universities on certain key texts of urban design texts mostly written between 1. Indeed, many texts recommended by more than 2. Finally, the table shows which texts can be associated with which type of the typology presented earlier in this article. Despite the fact that some of the texts in this list have had influential impact on other fields,2 they were all originally written for urban design. This suggests that urban design is producing its main references, and is not merely a subsection of another area of study. Comparing the shared body of knowledge in the US, UK and Australia. Considering the list of texts common in US universities, it seems that it is not a priority for US universities to define urban design as a comprehensive body of theories.